Not all pixel defects are the same, and knowing which type you have determines whether it's fixable. The three main categories behave very differently under different coloured backgrounds, which is why the multi-colour test matters.
Most Common
Stuck Pixel
A transistor locked permanently ON. The pixel shows one bright colour regardless of what should be displayed there. Appears as a bright red, green, blue, white, cyan, magenta, or yellow dot on a black background. Often fixable with the colour cycling fixer.
Permanent
Dead Pixel
A transistor permanently OFF. The pixel never receives power and stays black no matter what colour is displayed. Shows as a small black dot on any light-coloured screen. Cannot be fixed with software — hardware replacement only.
Rare
Hot Pixel
A pixel that appears correct in normal use but glows brightly when the screen has been on for a long time and gets warm. Often confused with stuck pixels. More common in older OLEDs and plasma displays. Cool the screen down and retest to differentiate.
Subpixel
Stuck Subpixel
Each pixel has three subpixels (red, green, blue). A single stuck subpixel produces a colour tint rather than a fully bright dot — like a tiny reddish or greenish fleck. More subtle and harder to spot. Use the opposite colour background to make it visible.